|
Frances Emily Newton (November 4, 1871–June 11, 1955) was an English missionary who lived and worked in Palestine from 1889〔Williams, Walter T. (Palestine is still a land of problems ), ''The New York Times'', May 13, 1921, published July 10, 1921.〕 until 1938, the last 18 years of which saw the country under British rule.〔Tusan, Michelle. (Review ) of Stockdale, Nancy L. ''Colonial Encounters among English and Palestinian Women, 1800-1948''. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.〕 She became Dame of Justice of the Venerable Order of Saint John in 1930, and was a member of the Palestine Women's Council, a consultative committee that advised the British, usually to no avail, on matters affecting women and children.〔Fleischmann, Ellen. ''The nation and its "new" women''. p. 33.〕 The journalist Owen Tweedy described her as, "comely but podgy—tall & masterful and with the hell of a temper and always having rows."〔Tweedy diary, May 4, 1927, St Anthony College, Oxford, Middle East Centre, cited in Brown 2009.〕 She was a founding member and honorary secretary of the Palestine Information Centre, referred to by the British ''Arab News Bulletin'' as the "first office to put the Arab view before the British public."〔Miller, Rory. ''Divided against Zion: anti-Zionist opposition in Britain to a Jewish state in Palestine, 1945-1948''. Routledge, 2000, p. 11.〕 Described by Norman Bentwich, the first Attorney-General of Mandatory Palestine, as "incurably anti-Jewish ... and a principal supporter of the Arab cause," she also founded the Anglo-Arab Friendship Committee in 1946, with the aim of opposing Zionism.〔Miller, Rory. (British anti-Zionism then and now ), first published in ''Covenant'' magazine, Volume 1, Issue 2, April 2007, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel.〕 Living on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Newton became known as someone willing to document acts of violence against Arabs suspected of opposing British rule.〔Dimbleby, Jonathan. ''The Palestinians''. Quartet Books, 1979, p. 76.〕 She found herself in trouble in 1938 after publishing two pamphlets, ''Punitive Methods in Palestine'', which accused the British of atrocities and was denounced in the House of Commons as "all lies,"〔For W. G. A. Ormsby-Gore's statement in the House of Commons, see Hansard 5C, 333, 24 March 1938, 80, cited in Brown 2009.〕 and ''Searchlight on Palestine; Fair Play or Terrorist Methods'', which supported the 1936–1939 Arab revolt. The British issued an exclusion order and she was deported in October 1938.〔Police report, Metropolitan Police, Special Branch, Scotland House, November 7, 1938, PRO, CO 733 372/11, cited in Fleischmann, Ellen. ''The nation and its "new" women''. p. 237.〕 When she died of a heart attack in 1955, a British official said she had, "the exterior of an English woman and the mind of a Palestinian."〔 ==Early life and education== Newton was born in Mickleover Manor, near Derby, to Charles Edmund Newton, a banker, and his second wife, Mary Henrietta Moore. She and her several sisters were educated at home by a governess.〔Brown, Clare. (2009) "Newton, Frances Emily," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press.〕 Newton first visited Palestine in 1888 to see her stepsisters, Constance and Edith. Edith was a missionary with the Church Missionary Society (CMS), and within a year, Newton had signed up with the CMS as a volunteer, learning Arabic and travelling throughout Palestine and Jordan. Her mother died in 1893, leaving Newton sufficient funds to be able to volunteer indefinitely. She was trained in nursing and social work in Birmingham, and in missionary work at The Olives in Hampstead, the CMS training centre. She left for Jaffa on October 3, 1895.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Frances E. Newton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|